Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels during pregnancy may reduce the risk of MS progression and adverse fetal outcomes by decreasing which two risks?

Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels during pregnancy may reduce the risk of MS progression and adverse fetal outcomes by decreasing which two risks?

• A. Infection risk
• B. MS relapse risk and adverse fetal outcomes
• C. Hypertension risk
• D. Placental insufficiency

Answer: (B)

Maintaining adequate vitamin D during pregnancy supports immune regulation and proper fetal development. For someone with MS, higher vitamin D status is associated with fewer relapses because vitamin D helps balance inflammatory and immune responses that drive MS activity. For the fetus, sufficient vitamin D supports placental function and fetal growth, reducing the risk of adverse fetal outcomes such as preterm birth or growth issues. Because these two areas—MS relapse risk and adverse fetal outcomes—are the most directly linked benefits, keeping vitamin D levels adequate targets decreasing both.

Maintaining adequate vitamin D during pregnancy supports immune regulation and proper fetal development. For someone with MS, higher vitamin D status is associated with fewer relapses because vitamin D helps balance inflammatory and immune responses that drive MS activity. For the fetus, sufficient vitamin D supports placental function and fetal growth, reducing the risk of adverse fetal outcomes such as preterm birth or growth issues. Because these two areas—MS relapse risk and adverse fetal outcomes—are the most directly linked benefits, keeping vitamin D levels adequate targets decreasing both.